According to the size of clone, cloning rings are usually used to pick larger size clones. When the cloning ring is sealed firmly on a clone,

add trypsin/EDTA into rings as per normal trypsinization of cells. Trypsin Antiinfection Compound Library datasheet needs 5 min at 37°C. Then transfer cloning cells or discs into individual flasks or culture plate at 33°C. Leave discs in for at least 48 h. Keep culturing cells until they are confluent and then freeze cells, make sure there are plenty of stocks all the time (Fig. 4). Experimental procedures are performed on the clonally selected cells by growing cells at 40% confluence on cover slips in Petri dishes at 33°C followed by differentiation for 10–14 days at 37°C. Fix cells before staining with 2% paraformaldehyde solution adding 2% sucrose. Immunofluorescence staining for podocyte markers, protein extraction BVD-523 order from culture flasks or plates is performed after differentiation for 14 days at 37°C. We detect podocyte proteins, such as nephrin, podocin, CD2AP, and synaptopodin, and known molecules of the slit diaphragm

ZO-1, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-catenin and P-cadherin (Fig. 5). Incubators kept at 33°C and 37°C, 5% CO2, RPMI-1640 Sigma R-8758 Use of antibiotics (Pen/Strep) is optional for cell lines. Use standard tissue culture-treated flasks or plates. We do not use special coatings such as collagen routinely as we have concluded that they do not offer any further benefit to cell culture. We do not specially treat flasks or plates

ourselves. Let immortalized podocytes grow at 33°C to 100% confluence, then freeze 40% and split the rest 1:3. For subsequent passages, split cells 1:3 to 1:5 when at 80% confluence. Use low concentrations of trypsin/EDTA (Sigma T3924 or equivalent with trypsin 0.05%) and expose the cells for as short a time as possible. Ensure freezing of at least 30% of each passage for long-term storage (liquid nitrogen) and availability of low passage numbers for the future. Move cells from 33°C to 37°C when cells are 40–60% confluent. Change medium three times per week. Usually it takes 14 days for full differentiation. They proliferate abundantly at 33°C, and Carbohydrate after thermoswitching to 37°C, usually take 1–3 days before cell division fully ceases. The transgene is actually designed to inactivate fully at 39.5°C but we normally see complete quiescence at 37°C for most human podocytes (sometimes with mouse podocytes it is necessary to go up to 38.5°C or above for full differentiation). We would like to finish with a word about cell co-culture. We restate the view2 that the glomerular capillary wall should be seen as a tripartite structure in which the three components (podocytes, glomerular basement membrane and glomerular endothelial cells) are interdependent and each of crucial significance, such that a focus on any one component of that structure might be inappropriately simplistic.