The estimated efficiency of peripheral B cells producing buy MAPK Inhibitor Library CD4-reactive Ab was ∼0.0013% (three clones/2.4×105 estimated screened B cells×100 (%), given that the B cells compose 10% of PBMC and that EBV immortalization is 30% efficient on average) 14. According to the ELISA data, the Fab concentrations that yielded 50% maximal binding were ∼8 μg/mL for HO538-213, and ∼1 μg/mL for HO702-001 and HO702-016 (Fig. 1B). Consistent with these data, the BIACORE

assay revealed that the dissociation constant (Kd) of HO538-213, HO702-001, and HO702-016 to rhCD4 was 6.5×10−8, 7.7×10−9, and 2.7×10−9 M, respectively (Fig. 1C), which is relatively weak compared with average Ab–Ag interactions (e.g. the Kd of mouse mAb Leu-3a to rhCD4 is 2.2×10−10 M). The Fab sequences were analyzed by the Kabat database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/igblast/) in GenBank, as previously described 15, 16. The Ig gene family of each gene and the most homologous germline are indicated (Fig. 2A). All the three clones were of the IgM class and

had a κ-chain for VL. Comparison of the heavy chain with the germlines revealed that the μ-chains of HO538-213 and HO702-001 were 95 and 97% homologous to germ line VH3-33, respectively, while HO702-016 was 96% homologous to germline VH4-4 17. For the light chains, the κ-chain Vkappa3 of HO538-213 was 97% homologous to germline L6 6, 18, 19, and κ-chain Vkappa1 Selleck Sirolimus of both HO702-001 and HO702-016 was 97% homologous to the germline L12 6, 18, 19. These data suggest that there is a preferential use of VH and VL genes to develop CD4-reactive Ab, considering the number of VH and VL genes present before the Ig gene rearrangement. According to the sequence analysis, the VH amino acid sequences of HO538-213

and HO702-001 carried distinct mutations, although both were derived from the same germline VH3-33. The mutations were more frequent in the CDR regions (Fig. 2B and C, Supporting Information Fig. 3), which is characteristic of somatic hypermutation (SHM) associated with affinity maturation. Unlike most SHM, however, mutations involving G/C were not dominant. We next examined the potential impact of these CD4-reactive Fab Ab on HIV replication. Viral replication was monitored in PBMC by measuring p24CA viral Ag levels in the culture supernatant. Among the three IgM Fab clones, HO538-213 suppressed Cepharanthine R5-tropic virus HIV-1JR-FL replication by 3.5±1.5-fold at 1–2.5 μg/mL (average±SD from four independent experiments, Fig. 3A). There was a modest but consistent suppression of X4-tropic virus HIV-1HXB2 replication (1.4±0.2-fold, average±SD from three independent experiments). BIACORE and ELISA revealed that HO538-213 did not compete with the anti-CD4 mAb Leu-3a 20, 21 for CD4 binding. Leu-3a restricts HIV-1 replication by physically blocking the Env-CD4 interaction (data not shown), suggesting that the epitope recognized by HO538-213 is distinct from the Env-interacting domain of CD4 7, 22, 23.