Exclusion criteria were pregnancy, patients undergoing dialysis or who were severely ill, such as those in the intensive-care unit or who were haemodynamically unstable, patients with infections and patients with drug-induced leucopenia or anaemia. Patient characteristics, including immunosuppressive medications and prednisone dose, are summarized in Table 1. Healthy donors (n = 31) matched by age and sex were included as controls. In both groups, 90% were women and the average ages were 36·1 ± 12·2 and 32·1 ± 9·1 years in the patients with SLE and healthy controls, respectively. In addition, 16 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and five kidney-transplanted patients, undergoing
similar immunosuppressive treatment to the patients with SLE, were included as controls (average ages 59·6 ± 10·41 and 45·4 ± 10·6 years, respectively). Further details regarding patient characteristics and specific medications Maraviroc price including prednisone dose are shown
in Tables 2 and 3 for patients with rheumatoid arthritis and transplanted patients, respectively. For additional experiments, including T-cell activation after SEA stimulation, an additional 31 patients with SLE with similar characteristics and treatments were evaluated. Each patient signed an informed consent form before enrolling in the study, in accordance with the regulations of the Ethics Committee from the School of Medicine of the Pontificia Universidad Católica, PD184352 (CI-1040) and the study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki as emended in Edinburgh (2000). The SLE activity was assessed using Doxorubicin the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Activity Index (SLEDAI) 2K. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were separated from whole blood using the standard Ficoll centrifugation method.
Monocytes were obtained using the adherence method.34 Briefly, PBMCs (3 × 106 cells/ml) were incubated in serum-free X-VIVO-15 medium (Bio-Whittaker, Walkersville, MD) supplemented with 1% autologous serum and 50 μg/ml gentamycin (Calbiochem, San Diego, CA) (DC-medium) for 2 hr at 37°. Adherent cells were washed four times with pre-warmed serum-free X-VIVO-15 medium (Bio-Whittaker) and were then cultured in DC-medium at 37°. Monocytes were differentiated to DCs over 5 days by the addition of 1000 U/ml IL-4 and 1000 U/ml GM-CSF on days 0, 2 and 4. Maturation of the DCs was triggered by the addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 5 μg/ml) for an additional 48 hr. The DC immune-phenotypes were confirmed by flow cytometry using specific monoclonal antibodies against surface markers. Cells were washed with PBS, re-suspended at 2 × 106 cells/ml (50 μl/tube) and incubated with FITC-conjugated, PE-conjugated and APC-conjugated antibodies for 30 min at 4°. The isotype-matched antibodies conjugated with FITC, PE and APC were used as controls.