The sedated animals were scanned in toto using a small-animal DEXA scanner (pDEXA, Norland Stratec Medizintechinik Ganetespib mouse GmbH, Birkenfeld, Germany) and the data were analyzed by the software supplied by

the manufacturer. Fat mass and lean body mass were determined. Groups of eight mice were subjected to individual indirect calorimetric measurements for a period of 4 consecutive days using a Comprehensive Laboratory Animal Monitoring System (Columbus Instruments, Columbus, OH, USA). The cages were made of clear Plexiglas (30 × 10 × 9 cm, length by depth by height). Before the start of the experiment, the animals were acclimated to the cages and the single housing for a period of 24 h. The experimental analysis started at 09:00 h and continued for 36 h. In the next 36 h of monitoring, the animals were fasted overnight, and then food was replaced to assess the metabolic flexibility. The analyzed parameters included real-time food and water intakes, meal

size, frequency, and duration. Oxygen consumption (Vo2) and carbon dioxide production rates (Vco2) were measured at intervals of 7 min. The respiratory exchange ratio (RER), a measurement for the metabolic substrate choice, was calculated as the ratio of Vco2 to Vo2. CHO and fat (FA) oxidation rates were calculated using the following formulas [13]: CHO=([4.585×2COV]−[3.226×2OV])×4/1000CHO=([4.585×VCO2]−[3.226×VO2])×4/1000 FA=([1.695×2OV]−[1.701×2COV])×9/1000FA=([1.695×VO2]−[1.701×VCO2])×9/1000 AZD5363 in vivo The total energy expenditure was calculated from the sum of CHO and FA oxidation. The Amino acid activity was monitored as two-dimensional infrared beam breaks. Feces were collected over 4 d during week 4 of the 5-wk dietary intervention. Feces were weighed, freeze-dried, and ground, and fecal FAs were subsequently derivatized by methyl esterification. Therefore, 2 mL of methanol/hexane (4:1 v/v)

containing 80 μg of penta-decanoic acid (C15:0) as an internal standard (Fluka, Zwijndrecht, Netherlands) was added to 15 mg of feces. Then, 200 μL of acetyl chloride (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) was added, and the samples were incubated at 95°C. After subsequent cooling to 4°C, 5 mL of 6% K2CO3 (Sigma) was added and the samples were centrifuged (10 min, 4000 rpm, 4°C). The upper hexane layer was isolated and used for gas chromatographic analysis of FA methyl esters. The FA methyl esters were separated on a 50-m × 0.25-mm capillary gas chromatographic column (CP Sil 88, Agilent Technologies, Middelbrug, Netherlands) in a 3800 gas chromatograph (Varian, Agilent Technologies, Middelburg, Netherlands) equipped with a flame ionization detector. The injector and flame ionization detector were kept at 270°C. The column temperature was programmed from 170°C to 210°C. The FA methyl esters were introduced by split injection (split ratio 20:1). The quantification was based on the ratio of the area of the individual FA to the internal standard.