Consequently, market expectations for the nanotechnology drug delivery platform are high, and it is estimated that it will increase to about $ 16 billion (USD) by 2014 [10]. 4. Conclusions Novel nanomaterial manufacturing methods and emerging nanotechnology

applications for the pharmaceutical industry have been discussed in this paper. These manufacturing methods combine features such as bottom up nanoparticle formation for control of size and crystal structure with continuous manufacturing and Process Analytical Technology (PAT) for quality control and compatibility with the strict requirements imposed upon Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the pharmaceutical industry. The production of carefully engineered nanoparticles produced at high throughput rates and MK 2206 elevated technoeconomic stature demonstrates the role that transport phenomena has in path forward approaches for Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical advanced drug delivery.
Antioxidants protect living systems against lipid peroxidation. Vitamin E (tocopherol) and vitamin C (ascorbic acid) are well-known Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical lipophilic and hydrophilic chain-breaking antioxidants, respectively [1]. Because antioxidant

activity in homogeneous solutions may not be the same as that in heterogeneous solutions, the antioxidant properties of heterogeneous solutions including aggregated systems (micelles, liposomes, and microemulsions) have been investigated. Variation of biomembrane microenvironments may turn vitamin E into a pro-oxidant agent [2]. Ascorbic acid contains hydroxyl Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical groups in positions 2 (pKa:11.6), 3 (pKa:4.2), 5 (secondary alcoholic residue), and 6 (primary alcoholic residue) (Figure 1). Ascorbic acid is an ineffective antioxidant for lipid peroxidation in hydrophobic phases, but it works very efficiently in aqueous media [2]. Structural modification of position 2, 3, 5, or 6 of the ascorbic acid ring contributes not only to its stabilization Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical as an antioxidant but also to the formulation of a variety of pharmaceutical and cosmetic products with antioxidant activity. Figure however 1 Chemical structures of ascorbic acid and its derivatives:

(a) ascorbic acid (ASA), (b) ascorbyl-2-glucoside (ASC-G), (c) ascorbyl-6-octanoate (ASC-8), (d) ascorbyl-6-palmitate (ASC-P), (e) ascorbyl-6-stearate (ASC-S), and (f) ascorbyl-2,6-dipalmitate … Ascorbic acid derivatives can retain the same activity exhibited by ascorbic acid. For example, the antioxidant activity of O-substituted ascorbic acid derivatives at the C-2 position—ascorbic acid 2-glucoside, ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, and ascorbic acid 2-sulfate—was investigated by Takebayashi et al. [3]. The radical-scavenging profiles of ascorbic acid derivatives were closer to those of uric acid and glutathione than to that of ascorbic acid. These data suggest the potential usage of ascorbic acid derivatives as radical scavengers.